Aurality in Media Research Assignment Paper - 825 Words

Aurality in Media Research Assignment Paper (Essay Sample) Content: Aurality in MediaNameInstitutionDateAurality is an important topic in media studies because it helps in identifying noise. Some of the noise experienced during an event comes due to social and cultural norms, and a number of these are inevitable. Nonetheless, the aurality of an experience may be affected by certain emergencies like power blackouts. This paper attempts to critically analyze aurality before, during, and after a movie.The sound of the theater has a bit of murmuring in the beginning as the audience is coming in and booking seats for friends and family. The murmuring is often experienced in theaters because the audience may not know what to expect, and so they discuss their anticipation (Evangelopoulos et al., 2013). On the other hand, some of them may have watched the trailer and try to explain what will unfold in the movie. Such noise is expected, and it is healthy because it cools down the tension in the theater (Grajeda, 2016).During the movie, the the ater is extremely silent, and the only sounds that come up are those of dismay. Some members of the audience are too afraid when main characters get in trouble, and they make noises that express their fear of death of such a character (Grajeda, 2016). Apart from the noises from the noise emanating from the audience, the movie itself makes the most noise at this time. The noise from the movie is important because it brings the audience into the action.The aurality of the movie is evident right from when the movie begins. The sounds mostly come from women when they see a fancy house, cute twins, an expensive car, a well-built man among other things. The noises from women are the most prevalent noises as the movie plays, and one can assume that there are no men in the theater. However, areas that have a lot of suspense prompted men to say a few words, most of which were cursing words or vulgar.The space my experience is taking place also had some noise from outside. The sound was not a s disturbing, but it was a constant noise in the space that could not pass one's attention. On inquiry, I found out that the noise came from the theater's generator. The reason is that the there was a problem with the lights, and the movie was already advertised so canceling it would have damaged the reputation of the theater.Another sound that catches the ear during the movie is the faded sound of vehicles hooting. The time of the event lends to this particular aurality because it took place from six o'clock in the evening. Normally, this is the time when people are coming from work, and so there is a lot of hooting as they try to get past traffic (Evangelopoulos et al., 2013). For this reason and timing, some sounds are evident but they do not affect the movie, and one has to be very keen to notice them. The timing of the event is the main reason why some of these sounds capture my attention, but they are not disturbing noises.As mentioned in the paragraph above, culture relates t o some of the noises heard during the event. According to culture, people are expected to work from eight in the morning up to five in the evening (Grajeda, 2016). For this reason, scores of people are always heading home at around five or six in the evening after a hard days work. On the other hand, the organizers of the movie planned that the movie is shown at this time, and so the noise influenced by culture was bound to e experienced.The movies aurality does not suffer from historical practices or shifts of the same. As the essay explains, some of these noises are inevitable because they come as a result of emergencies (Grajeda, 2016). For example, after the lights go out, it is obvious that the management will switch on the back-up generator so that the audience can continue watching the movie. For this reason, o...

My Desire to Become a Young Adult Novelist - 721 Words

John Green, one of my biggest role-models, once said, â€Å"Imagining the future is a kind of nostalgia.† Nostalgia means something you long for, I long for a bright future. In my future, I desire to be an author. In order to accomplish that, I must thoughtfully construct a plan that will lead me to the ultimate result of the life that I crave for. Authors influenced me to want to become an author myself. After reading a wide range of books by varying writers like Ned Vizzini, J.D Salinger, Natalie Babbit, Mitch Albom, and as I said earlier, John Green, I am determined to leave that evangelical zeal that you get from books, and only books, on my readers the way many books have done to me before. Establishing goals is crucial to actualizing my dreams of having a gratifying career as a Young Adult/Teen novelist. Knowledge is a key aspect when creating the goals that you will pursue because it is extremely beneficial to know which universities you are bound to attend. For instanc e, my university of choice is Columbia University of New York. I would like to study at Columbia University because I am interested in the clubs and activities they have available there such as The Artist Society Blog, Quiz Bowl, and Feminist Thought. Furthermore, Columbia University has many classes and courses for writing. Defining clear goals for myself will motivate me to propel forward with my endeavors. With a definite mindset of where I want to end up, a Point A to a Point B, it will ease any stressShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Louisa May Alcotts Little Women1720 Words   |  7 PagesLouisa May Alcott was a famous American writer and novelist â€Å"who was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, Pennsylvania.† (The Biography.com website, 2014). She wrote various writings under many pseudonyms and only used real name when she finally felt ready to be known. 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Voice in T.S. Eliots The Hippopotamus, The Hollow Men,...

Voice in T.S. Eliots The Hippopotamus, The Hollow Men, and Journey of the Magi Poetry has meaning. This meaning is usually a message, and a message is projected though a voice. When we read poetry we hear this voice. The voices projected in the T.S. Eliot poems The Hippopotamus, The Hollow Men and Journey of the Magi are particularly strong, and the voice carries a lot of meaning to the readers. The voice is three things; the voice of the poetry in relation to Eliot, the voice of the poetry, and the individual readers interpretation of the voice. If something changes in Eliots life, or if he is influenced by something, it may be reflected in his poetry. T.S. Eliot once said a large part†¦show more content†¦While reading the poem they may feel some of the emotions, but it is the final voice of the entire poem that will influence the readers response. The poem The Hollow Men shows the various thoughts, emotions and journeys of men who have died, but do not belong in one particular afterlife because they have done no good, but done no evil. The poem is saying you should do something with your life, because then you will have a determined afterlife. If you do evil things in your life, you will go to the inferno, but at least you are going somewhere. If you do good things, you go to paradise. That is the best. But dont just do nothing, because you will end up standing around waiting for nothing in an empty desert, like the hollow men. Eliot read and admired works of Dante Alighieri. In his work Divina Commedia Dante describes his beliefs on the afterlife; that for the lost/violent souls there was an inferno, for the not so bad souls there was a purgatory, and for the good there was a paradise. Eliot alludes to these, but also creates an other kingdom, a limbo for hollow men. This idea of Dantes may have been the inspiration for th is poem. The voice heard by the reader is the voice of the poem, but after closer examination is also the voice of Eliot

Reliability of 26 item Self Compassion Scale †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Validity and Reliability of 26 item Self-Compassion Scale. Answer: Introduction The 26 item Self-Compassionate scale is psychological tool for assessing and measuring compassion. It focusses on psychometric properties of the responded where the individual responds to asset of 26n questions that are answered based on a scale of 1-5. Compassion is an element that is measured about an individuals reaction to others(Baer, Lykins, Peters, 2002). This means being open to and moved by others suffering and the desire to ease this suffering. This is mostly used in clinical settings where health practitioners are supposed to have a level of compassion to patients that they serve (Neff, 2003). This will entail three basic components; extended kindness to others, seeing others experiences as part of the larger human experience and lastly balancing the other persons pain rather than over-identifying with the pain that they experience. Self-Compassion is said to transform negative self-affect into a positive self-affect with psychological benefits associated with high self-e steem. Studies on the Self-Compassion scale have elicited different reactions on whether the components on the scale are A valid or not. However, the 26-item compassionate scale is a guide which has been used by many practitioners to design a scale that can be used to measure compassion(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). This has led to the question of whether the scale meets all the required measures or needs to be reviewed. This report is a critical review of the Self-Compassionate scale based on previous studies on the tool. This has raised several issues on the A validity of the scale. Validity and reliability Self-Compassion is a construct drawn from the Buddhist tradition, describing. Compassion for oneself. As compassion is characterized by understanding, acceptance, and forgiveness extended to others (McKay Fanning, 1992), Self-Compassion entails the same attributes of compassion turned inward(NEFF, 2003). According to Garcia-Campayo, et al. (2014) the Self-Compassion Scale is the only tool that is used to measure and self-report Self-Compassion. This scale focuses on the mindfulness of the practitioner through exercising a quality of consciousness that is non-judgmental and present centered. Self-Compassion as encompassing self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness in opposition to self-judgment isolation, and over-identification(Costa Pinto-Gouveia, 2013). As such, the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) contains all of these aspects as separate yet related subscales. While most individuals may relate to the notion of compassion and empathy towards others, affording the same kind of t reatment towards oneself may be more novel. The construct of Self-Compassion regarding individual, relational, and physiological functioning is an exciting development in psychology. The tool is supposed to be designed across three different and related facets of mindfulness, common humanity and self-kindness. Further, there are six sub-scales that represent negative and positive facets for each scale that is measured in the three above. This means that the measures are based on the perceived responses towards themselves about the situations that others are in. Self-Compassion scales are designed differently in different countries. The SCS measure of compassion is A valid since is tis designed based on the confirmatory factor analyses to ensure that the scale items fit the models that are used for the study. The six factors listed above can be used in understanding the subscales within the study. When the factors in the scales are correlated with research findings, it has been reported that the factors can be interpreted and controlled according to the needs of the researcher(Gadermann, Schonert-Reichl, Zumbo, 2009). Internal validity and reliability of the SCS scale has been highly reported in several studies that have been tested by researchers. There are high correlation results between different studies that have varied out in separate studies. One of the measures that has been seen to be consistent is the difference in compassion levels among different groups in the population. Research and SCS studies have indicated that undergraduate and community adults have lower SCS scores as compared to those who pr actice Buddhism(Neff Germer, 2013). Further, convergent A validity in different measures that have been carried out based on therapist rating of Self-Compassion individuals who were using a single item had and the results that were displayed after being introduced to the new tools. A valid interpretation of the SCS scores has been highly debated on whether the measures can be validly interpreted. Through the bi-factor model, the individual factors that form the group factors can be modeled for a better understanding of the results. The association of overall factors of Self-Compassion allow for essay measurement of the factors through using the omega index to estimate the percentages of variance in the items. Thus A validity of the measures is achieved through optimal model, estimates that result from omega factor analysis(Reise, Bonifary, Haviland, 2013) The factor structure of the Self-Compassionate Scale has been designed in such a way that both negative and positive factors of the scale can be included. The dynamic balance between compassionate versus uncompassionate ways that individuals emotionally respond to pain and failure (with kindness or judgment), cognitively understand their predicament (as part of the human experience or as isolating), and pay attention to suffering (in a mindful or over-identified manner). The Self-Compassionate scale is based on generalized factors that are used across different populations. Different studies on the factors have yielded mixed results in higher-order factors of the scale. Studies in Chinese and Portuguese clinical students showed different results as compared to those from Germany and Italy. Researchers have questioned the ability of such findings to be generalized across different populations. This is because there are cultural factors that may shape reactions and compassion levels of the student. This led some researcher concluding that the Self-Compassion scale works better in measuring six components of Self-Compassion rather than measuring the real construct of Self-Compassion(Nef, 2015). This means that there are challenges in getting an overall Self-Compassion score and interpreting its validity. Approaches like the psychometric approach model, were designed to assess the multidisciplinary nature of psychological measures. These measures have re vealed that when the SCS is used with the bi-factor model,, the individual responses are impacted thus giving different scores. Studies on compassion using the SCS scale have revealed that compassion can be described in several ways. The six elements used in measuring compassion reveal that compassion is a complex construct that includes other elements like emotion, perceptiveness, sensitivity to suffering, understanding, distress tolerance and nonjudgmental attitudes(Strauss, et al., 2016). This therefore reveals that compassion is both trait and state like and thus can be measured a cross a continuum of tests using SCS. Through assigning questionnaires on an ordinal scale, compassion can be measured using a set of questions that evaluate the responses of the reader according to questions that are organization along the three psychological components. Researchers can analyses and measure compassion levels in individuals without and analyze it statistically using available tools for the research. Gilbert (2004) suggests that oone of the strengths of the SCS tool is its ability to compliment other psychological measures in research. The tool has been applied together with other psychometric tools that have been used to measure different aspects of life. Measures like self-esteem, understanding, kindness and other virtues have been measured using different scales. SCS allows researchers to carry out research and compare results from different studies. Since the measures allow for gathering of quantitative data, it becomes easy for the data gathered from different studies to be correlated and compared to determine the A validity of the data. One of the measures of validity in research is the ability of a research to be consistent with previous studies. Some studies have shown different confirmatory factor analysis results have revealed different findings. One study by Garcia-Campayo , Navarro-Gil M, Montero-Marin J, Demarzo (2014) reported higher confirmatory in students while the other by Petrocchi, Ottaviani, Couyoumdjian, (2013) replicated the six factor structure but failed to report evidence on higher-order factor among community samples. These studies suggest that it is difficult to sum the six factors together into an overall Self-Compassion score. This tests reveal convergent validity which gives results that relate to measures of self-esteem and rumination. This has also been reported in different reports of compassion that have been seen among different social groups like Buddhists who report higher compassion rates based on demographic differences. Further, arguments against the test have suggested that the psychometric properties of the tool were designed using measures that are fit for college students. This means that applying the test to different populations may not yield accurate results (Voruz, 2013). There are different factors like age, gender and even demographic characteristics that may affect the reliability of data. This social factors affect the nature of responses received thus making reliability of the data used in the scale less reliable. Any scale of measurement should have a way to avoid biases that may affect reliability of the data collected from the study. Since the SCS tool is designed as a single tool to be used in the profession, reliability id highly compromised. Further,, each of the positive and negative factors formulated in the scale lead to separate factors that are different from each other rather than one common factor. One of the limitations of using the tool is its lack of the primary definition of compassion. Primary levels of compassion are not measured under the normal measures of compassion thus not taking care of all the factors of compassion (Brown, 2006). At the individual level, compassion measures may reveal different results since they are not in certain situations. Therefore, the results in a clinical setting should be treated as a validly true since the levels that individuals score will vary from one way to another. Further, human being have social bonds that affect their compassion levels. This means that measures that are taken will vary depending on the individual setting(Crawford, Brown, Kvangarsnes, Gilbert, 2014). In the presence of a family member or friend, the levels of compassion may be higher as compared to the case of professional settings. There is need to find a common ground on how both settings can be integrated to improve measures of A validity. Conclusion The psychometric abilities of the scale have been highly criticized due to the use of the overall Self-Compassion score. Scholars have indicated that the scale cannot be A validly used to measure and arrive on a Self-Compassion score using different factors. This is but there are six elements that fall within the each of the three levels of measurement. The questions used for the scores have been weighted differently leading to the question of whether the overall score that is given by the results reveals the required information(Gadermann, Guhn, Zumbo, 2010). When the questions are weighted differently on different elements of the scale then it becomes challenging to measure the effects of each question on the overall score. Further, the elements are only three but compassion is affected by other factors which have not been accommodated in the scale. This leaves gaps in the overall score since the factors do not give the differences in the scores. References Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L., Peters, J. R. (2002). Mindfulness and Self-Compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched non-meditators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 230238. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press. Costa, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2013). Experiential avoidance and Self-Compassion in chronic pain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 15781591. Crawford, P., Brown, B., Kvangarsnes, M., Gilbert, P. (2014). The design of compassionate care . Journal of Clinical Nursing. Gadermann, A. M., Guhn, M., Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Investigating the substantive aspect of construct A validity for the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children: A focus on cognitive processes. Social Indicators Research, 100, 37-69. Gadermann, A. M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Zumbo, B. D. (2009). Investigating A validity evidence of the satisfaction with life scale adapted for children. Social Indicators Research, 96, 229247. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil M, A. E., Montero-Marin J, L.-A. L., MMP., D. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1-9. Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Eva Andrs, Montero-Marin, J., Lpez-Artal, L., Demarzo, a. M. (2014). A validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health Quarterly Life Outcomes, 12(4). Gilbert, P. . (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory,, 12(4), 507-516. Nef, K. D. (2015). The Self-Compassion Scale is a A valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion. Springer. NEFF, K. D. (2003). The Development and A validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Neff, K. D., Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trail of the mindful self-copmassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., Couyoumdjian, A. (2013). Dimensionality of Self-Compassion: translation and construct A validation of the Self-Compassion scale in an Italian sample. Journal of Mental Health, 23, 7277. Reise, S. P., Bonifary, W. E., Haviland, .. G. (2013). Scoring and model,ling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assesment, 95(2), 129-140. Strauss, C., Taylor, B. L., Gu, J., Kuyken, W., Baer, R., Jones, F., Cavanagh, K. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of and measures. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15-27. Voruz, S. (2013). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form among a help-seeking clinical sample . Pacific University.